Emrah Bozkurt

This article critically examines a paradox at the heart of certain theistic models: the claim that God must act, create, or sustain reality by necessity of His nature. It argues that attributing any form of necessity or...

This article examines the concepts of truth, the real, and reality by separating them across ontological, epistemological, and phenomenological levels, arguing that truth is absolute and transcendent, the real is...

This article examines the philosophical question “Which God?” by arguing that the diversity of God-conceptions reflects human epistemological limitations rather than ontological plurality, and that a rational,...

This article argues that the “God of the Gaps” argument is philosophically flawed because it reduces God to a temporary explanation for scientific ignorance, while ignoring the metaphysical nature of God and the...

This article argues that belief in God and adherence to religion are conceptually distinct, showing that faith can exist as a direct, individual, and rational relationship with God independent of organized religion,...

This article defends the necessity of a holistic approach to evaluating metaphysical systems, especially in Islamic thought, by demonstrating that concepts such as God, free will, testing, justice, and the afterlife...

This article argues that many atheist and agnostic criticisms of God are directed not at God’s ontological reality but at a humanized, “superhuman” mental model of God, resulting in epistemological confusion, contextual...

This article examines contemporary atheist and agnostic discourses on God and argues that many of these discussions are philosophically incoherent, as they deny God’s existence while simultaneously judging divine...

This article analyzes Dystheism as a position that accepts God’s existence while denying divine moral perfection, arguing that its core claims collapse into logical contradictions and are better understood as emotional...

This article explores whether human beings truly know what they claim to know or whether most accepted knowledge—scientific, religious, historical, and political—is grounded in trust toward institutions, experts, and...

This article argues that many intellectual and public debates stem from a failure to distinguish the kinds of questions philosophy, science, and theology are capable of answering, showing that science explains...

This article analyzes the murder of Shahzade Mustafa by situating the event within the Ottoman succession system, political rivalries, legal debates, and psychological pressures of imperial power, arguing that the...

This article examines capitalism as a historical, economic, and intellectual system, tracing its emergence from the collapse of feudalism to the twentieth century while analyzing its commercial and industrial phases,...

This article explores the philosophical distinction between ethics and morality, arguing that morality is a historically and culturally embedded system of norms, while ethics is the critical and philosophical...

This article analyzes ideology as a systematic method oriented toward specific goals, exploring its historical meaning, defining criteria, relationship with belief, and the possibility of personal and non-political...

This article argues that God is not “killed” ontologically but ethically, exploring how individuals and societies eliminate God from their lives by abandoning conscience and moral practice, drawing on belief, religion,...

This article argues that philosophy cannot be reduced to a fixed definition or historical account, but must be understood as an ongoing process of inquiry that seeks truth through questioning, conceptual clarification,...

This article analyzes Plato’s conception of God as an organizing and rational principle rather than a creator ex nihilo, emphasizing the role of the Demiurge, the doctrine of ideas, the immortality of the soul, and the...

This article examines Plato’s concept of justice as presented in The Republic, focusing on justice as harmony within the individual soul and functional order within society, grounded in merit, balance, and the alignment...

This article explores Arthur Schopenhauer’s conception of happiness through self-sufficiency and character, arguing that while absolute happiness is impossible, inner peace and reduced suffering can be achieved by...

This article examines the idea that exaggerated thoughts arise not from human weakness but from the power of the unknown, drawing on Albert Camus’ insight in The Stranger to analyze fear, belief, superstition, and...

This article examines Erich Fromm’s concept of religion, presenting religion as any shared system of orientation and devotion that gives human life meaning, and distinguishing between authoritarian and humanistic forms...

This article examines Émile Durkheim’s concept of religion, presenting religion as a fundamentally social phenomenon grounded in the distinction between the sacred and the profane, functioning as a primary mechanism of...

This article analyzes Max Weber’s concept of religion, presenting religion as a worldview that gives meaning to human existence and actively shapes social structures, economic behavior, and forms of rationality.

This article examines Karl Marx’s and Friedrich Engels’ understanding of religion, presenting it as an ideological and social phenomenon that emerges from material conditions, alienation, and class relations rather than...

This article examines Sigmund Freud’s concept of religion, presenting religion as a collective neurosis and psychological illusion arising from childhood dependency, unconscious conflict, and the human need for...

This article examines Ludwig Feuerbach’s understanding of religion, arguing that religion is not a divine reality but a projection of human essence, emotions, and ideals onto an imagined transcendent being.

This article analyzes the conceptual relationship between religion and ideology, arguing that both function as comprehensive worldviews and life projects, while the Qur’an distinguishes between true religion grounded in...

This article analyzes the relationship between religion and belief, arguing that religion functions as an objective, divinely determined system, while belief represents a subjective, individual, and experiential...

This article examines how religion is conceptualized in Islamic literature, showing that Muslim scholars primarily define religion through Islam itself, emphasizing revelation, divine origin, and the unity of faith and...

This article examines how religion has been conceptualized in Western literature by focusing on its anthropological, psychological, sociological, and philosophical interpretations, emphasizing religion’s functional and...

Ghazālī’s criticisms of Avicenna’s account of divine knowledge are examined through the problems of prayer, justice, prophecy, and the relationship between God’s knowledge and time.

A brief philosophical examination of what is meant by the claim attributed to Avicenna that “God does not know particulars,” focusing on divine knowledge, the universal–particular distinction, and Ghazālī’s objections...